dAMP: Deoxyadenosine monophosphate, a nucleotide containing adenine, a 2'-deoxyribose sugar and phosphate, part of DNA structure. dCMP: Deoxycytosine monophosphate, a nucleotide containing cytidine, a 2'-deoxy sugar, and phosphate, part of DNA structure. Deep vein thrombosis: Blood clotting in the veins of the inner thigh or leg Dehydrotestosterone: 17b-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one;an anabolic and androgenic agent. Dementia: An organic mental disorder characterized by a general loss of intellectual abilities involving impairment of memory. Dendritic cells: A heterogeneous group of nonphagocytic lymph node cells, which have an irregular shape with numerous branching processes and an inconspicuous complement of cell organelles. Deoxy (2') adenosine: A nucleoside containing adenine, a purine base and 2' deoxyribose, and a sugar. 2'deoxyadenosine is one of the four nucleosides present in DNA. Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphate: A nucleotide containing any of the four purine or pyrimidine bases such as adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, a 2'-deoxy sugar, and three phosphates. Depot: A body area in which a substance, for example, a drug can be accumulated, deposited, or stored and from which it can be distributed. Dermis: The layer of the skin deep to the epidermis, consisting of a dense bed of vascular connective tissue. Dermabrasion: A surgical procedure, which involves the controlled abrasion of the upper layers of the skin to smoothen the skin and remove wrinkles, small scars or foreign bodies (tattoos). dGMP: Deoxycytosine monophosphate, a nucleotide containing guanosine, a 2'-deoxy sugar, and phosphate, part of DNA structure. Diabetes insipidus: A rare form of diabetes in which the kidney tubules do not absorb sufficient water. Diabetic retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus. Dialysis: The process of separating crystalloids from colloids (such as organic substances, proteins, and starch) in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, crystalloids pass through readily, colloids very slowly. Dienoic: Denoting an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing two double bonds. Differentiated cells: Differentiation is a natural process by which cells become progressively more specialized to perform specific functions. Stem cells can, for example specialized to blood cells. In cancer, differentiated tumors mean how much mature (developed) cancer cells are in a tumor. Differentiated tumor cells resemble normal cells and tend to progress in a slower rate compared to the undifferentiated or poorly differentiated tumor cells. Differentiation: Process of formation of specialized cells from the parental cell. Differentiation therapy: Therapy to induce specialization of cells from parental ones. Dihydrotestosterone: A powerful androgenic hormone formed in the peripheral tissue by the action on testosterone of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase; it is thought to be the essential androgen responsible for many biological actions. Diverticulosis: The presence of diverticula, circumscribed sacs on the lining membrane of tubular organs such as colon, produced by defect in the muscular coat. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the chemical name for the stretches of nucleotides that are present in the chromosome. The major forms of DNA are: A, B and Z forms. The normal form is the B. The A form is short and fat, and right handed, the Z form is left handed, thinner and tall; the B form is right handed and in between A and Z form regarding dimensions. DNA adducts: Covalent adducts between chemical agents and DNA. Below is shown the adduct between DNA and the drug cisplatin. DNA methylation: On a DNA, methyl group is added to the 5 position of cytosine residue. Methylation of DNA occurs at CpG sites what is known as CpG islands. CpG islands are present near the promoters of genes. Methylation of these islands is critical for gene activity as well as gene expression. DNA ploidy: Status of the chromosome set denoting the condition in regard to the degree of multiplication of chromosome sets such as diploidy (having two full sets of homologous chromosome), haploidy (having one set of nonhomologous chromosome), aneuploidy (any deviation from an exact multiple of the haploid number of chromosomes). DNA polymerase I: The enzyme that adds deoxyribonucleotides to the 3' hydroxyl end of a preexisting DNA chain. In other words, this enzyme requires a primer chain with a free 3' hydroxyl end. DNA virus: Viruses with DNA as genome. DNases: Deoxyribonuclease, an endonuclease with preference for DNA. Pancreatic DNAse I yields di and oligo nucleotide 5’-phosphates, pancreatic DNAse II yields 3’- phosphates. In chromatin, the sensitivity of DNA to digestion by DNAse I depends on its state of organisation, transcriptionally active genes being much more sensitive than inactive genes. Docosohexaenoic acid: C22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in fish oils. Dolichols: A series of long-chain polyisoprenoids that function as carrier lipid in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins. Glycoprotiens on cell surface play important part in signal transduction. Dominant: In genetics, capable of expression when carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Doppler [effect]: The relationship of the apparent frequency of waves, as sound, light, and radio waves, to the relative motion of the source of the waves and the observer, the frequency increasing as the two approach each other and decreasing as they move apart. Dosimetry: Determination by scientific methods of the amount, rate and distribution of radiation emitted from a source of ionizing radiation. Double-blind: A kind of clinical study in which neither the participants nor the person administering treatment know which treatment any particular subject is receiving. Usually the comparison is between an experimental drug and a placebo or standard comparison treatment. Down's syndrome: Inherited chromosomal disorder with one extra chromosome number 21. The victim displays abnormal physical features and moderate to severe mental retardation. Duke’s C Colon Cancer: In Duke’s staging system correlated with T (Primary tumor), N (Regional lymph nodes), and M (Distant metastasis), C denotes T (any) N1or 2M0. Primary tumors are classified from TX to T4 according to progression, local nodes from N0 to N3 and distant metastasis M0 and M1. Duodenum: The first portion of the small intestine; so called because it is about 12 fingerbreadths in length. DVT (deep vein thrombosis):  Blood clotting in the veins of inner thigh or leg. Dynamometry: Science of measuring the force of muscular contraction. Dyscrasias: A term formerly used to indicate an abnormal mixture of the four humours (normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body), in surviving usages it now is roughly synonymous with disease or pathologic condition. Dyspareuia: Painful coitus. Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. Dysplasia: Abnormality in development of cells. In pathology this is identified as alteration in size, shape and organization of adult cells. Dysplastic cells: Cells marked by dysplasia, that is abnormality of development; in pathology, alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells. Dysplastic: Marked by dysplasia, abnormality of development. Dyspnea: Difficulty of breathing