The overall estimated incidence of renal carcinomas is approximately <2% of all malignancies, with wide geographical variations. North America, Japan and parts of temperate South America and Australia seem to have the highest incidence, up to eight fold greater than in developing countries. However, this difference is at least in part the result of available imaging modalities in developed countries. Renal cell carcinoma, despite the progress in diagnostics, remains difficult to treat, because of its silent, asymptomatic spread and inherent chemoresistance. Surgery, novel chemotherapeutics and cytokine treatment will be discussed.
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