Treatment of cancer in children has become increasingly effective and growing numbers of survivors (1 out of 4 in 1975, 3 out of 4 in 1997) enter the general population. The definition of success ? 3 years survival ? grew to five, than seven years and eventually has reached a point when a large proportion of children will live to adulthood and are considered as cured. However, hand in hand with this undeniably favorable outcome, the occurrence of second malignancies (SM) looms. Whatever the cause (preceding radiation or chemotherapy and individually increased genetic mutations, to name a few), having survived cancer in childhood does not warrant security from SMs.
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